Impact of Agricultural Revolution on Relationship between Men and Women, Civilization Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Roles and responsibilities were the major changes that took place in men and women during Neolithic age. Men assumed the primary responsibility of working in the fields and herding the animals, jobs that kept them away from home. While women stayed at home looking after their children, weaving clothes and performing household activities that required considerable labor. The agricultural revolution allowed women to have children much more frequently rather than giving three to four years gap as was the case in hunter-gatherer societies (BBC, 2004)6. But authors like Karimah (2003) mention that food production or agriculture during the Neolithic period was women oriented job and they were the primary discovers of agriculture and that the women controlled the new form of wealth and status. But it is later explained that most of the preliminary tasks of agriculture were completed by men while planting, cultivating and harvesting were the part of women’s task because of the belief that women can make things grow7. It could be stated that the change occurred mostly due to the men’s ability to extract food from the land resulting in the creation of government for division of work on large so as to store food giving way to the growth of population. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Agricultural Revolution on Relationship between Men and Women, Civilization or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This resulted in the shift of governance from women to men i. e. from matriarchal to patriarchal as agriculture began to be transformed through the invention of technologies such as iron plough and other tools which allowed some individuals to control large plots of land which were controlled by others (Christ, 1998)8. Civilizations Growth of population and need for surplus food were the major driving forces for the emergence of civilization. According to Duiker and Spielvogel (2006) early human beings formed small groups and developed a simple culture which enabled them to survive which further grow into formation of civilization. 9 According to Lockard (2010) farming generated more complex societies allowing families to form small villages which had more children to help in the fields and over time people began to see themselves as part of the larger community10. The change in relationship also gave rise to crafts and arts as pottery developed, woven baskets were used, and stone tools became refined as flint blades which were used in fields. Moreover, the invention of writing enabled the society to keep records providing more control to the mankind. As agriculture flourished, wealth increased which was used to build cities and armies to protect the settlement giving rise to Bronze Age (Speilvogel, 2011)11.

Relationship Between Personality And Recidivism - 1371 Words

An unavoidable facet of any population is that of a criminal element. Where there is law there will be criminals who break the law. These people are incarcerated for the safety of the public, the administration of justice and as punishment. After an inmate has served the requisite sentence for the crime which they committed their debt to society is considered paid. In some cases an offender is paroled early into a largely unaware community to serve the remainder of their sentence quietly monitored among the populace. One of the largest concerns regarding the release of a criminal is whether they will offend again, an occurrence called recidivism. Court systems and parole boards routinely use risk assessment tools to screen a criminal’s†¦show more content†¦Based on the available information they must then make a recommendation for release or retention. That decision is monumental and can have massive consequences in both the life of an offender and society. If a murd er is released and goes on to commit another murder the loss of life is in effect a failure of the system. If a different murder is released and makes a beneficial contribution to society then the system is considered justified. A Bureau of Justice Statistics 2005 study monitored 404,638 prisoners in 30 states after their release from prison. It was found that of the released inmates, 56.7 percent were rearrested by the end of the year. Roughly two-thirds of the total of those released, 67.8, were rearrested within three years. An overwhelming majority, 76.6 percent, had re-offended and again been taken into custody within five years of their 2005 release. The study also details the percentages of recidivism among offender types. Non-violent criminals comprised 82 percent of the group and violent offenders 71 percent. (National Institute of Justice, 2014) These are big numbers and highlight why caution should be heavily applied to any early release decision. Considering the high statistical averages of recidivism it is appropriate to examine whether there are factors that increase or decrease an inmate’s potentiality for

Distinguish between the processes of erosion and weathering in an area undergoing glaciation Free Essays

Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of earth materials by natural agents and can be split into two main categories. Abrasion (or corrasion) is the glacier’s use of angular debris, held by the ice, to scrape away at the underlying rock. Evidence of this in an area undergoing glaciation are scratches on rock known as striations. We will write a custom essay sample on Distinguish between the processes of erosion and weathering in an area undergoing glaciation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plucking involves the glacier freezing on to blocks of rock and pulling them away. Meltwater will assist in this plucking process: pressure builds up behind a protrusion of rock and so causes melting. The meltwater penetrates any cracks and freezes around the rock (regelation) which is then pulled out by the glacier. Weathering is similar to erosion in that it includes the breakup of rocks, just not the transportation of the materials formed as does erosion. The specific definition of weathering is the breakup of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere. The weathering of a rock by freeze-thaw action (or frost shattering) may break up rock in periglacial conditions before glaciers advance. At the early stage of corrie formation freeze-thaw action and possibly chemical weathering will weather rock beneath the accumulating patch of snow (the process of nivation). During glaciation, meltwater will give rise to freeze-thaw action at the base of the glacier. Examine the impact of glacially eroded landforms on human activity â€Å"The impact of glaciation on human activity has been considerable both in lowland and highland areas. † (David Jones and Lawrence Kimpton 2000). This question focuses on how human activity has been affected by glacial erosion. The most recent glacial period began approximately 30,000 years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. At its peak 29% of the Earth’s surface was covered by ice in comparison to 10% covered today. Sea level fell by at least 100 m and the beach was as much as 150 km further east along the Atlantic coast, thus forming land bridges between North America and Asia, which allowed for the migration of animals and humans to previously glaciated areas. Glacial eroded landforms include the features horns (pyramid shaped peaks), arites (knife shaped ridges), cirques (a bowl shaped depression found in mountains), erratics (boulders), valleys, tunnels and lakes. These landforms have affected human activity in various ways, including tourism, communications, farming and settlement and industry. Many upland areas that experienced the effects of prolonged glacial erosion during the Pleistocene have become important centres of tourism. Highland areas both those glaciated in the past and those with glaciers remaining today, are major areas of tourism because of the spectacular scenery and their suitability for winter sports. The Cirque-arete-trough landscape attracts hill walkers, scramblers, climbers, mountaineers, photographers, botanists, skiiers, snowboarders, hang gliders, painting, canoeing, sailing etc. In Britain, the Highlands of Scotland have become an important centre for summer holidays and winter skiing, whilst the National Parks of Snowdonia, the Lake District and Peak District are visited by millions of tourists each year. Areas such as the Lake District are increasingly popular for short weekend breaks. The attractions of these areas for tourism owe much to the effects of glaciation. The sharply defined peaks, deep U-shaped troughs and numerous lakes are all impressive landform features and provide these uplands with their attractive scenery. The rugged landscape appeals to many weekend hill walkers and mountaineers. The lakes which provide a range of activities -sailing, canoeing, swimming- and possess their own pleasant climates have become important centres of tourism. Large scale winter tourism is promoted in the Alps and similar locations by the existence of permanent snowfields and the heavy winter snowfall. Aviemore is one of the largest winter tourism centres in Britain with several ski runs on the upper slopes of the Cairngorms. Communications are also affected by glacially eroded landforms. Glaciated valleys offer natural routeways through high mountain landscapes and lower areas e. g. the Mohawk Gap that leads to New York. Settlement and Industry can hug the glacial trough floor, which often provide transport routeways. Many aspects of transport and communications -by land, sea and waterways -have been affected to a considerable degree by glacial action. In many upland areas, glacial breaches and troughs often form the only routeways suitable for communication by land. This situation is exemplified in the Highlands of Scotland where communications links by land north, and west of the Glen More are extremely difficult. Much of the land surface lies over 1000 metres above sea level, and consists of rugged mountains with steep, precipitous slope and badly drained moorlands. The presence of numerous lochs and fjords, hemmed in between high mountains, has effectively prevented any significant north-south routes being developed, even along the coast. Glacial breaches across the major watersheds form the only realistic routeways. Only two railway lines traverse the region -from Dingwall to Kyle of Lochalsh via Glen Carron and from Fort William to Mallaig via Lochs Eil and Ailort. All of the road links between Glen More and the west coast rely on glacial breaches which connect westwards and eastwards facing troughs. Glaciated highlands with high snowfalls present hazards such as avalanches. As the pressure of development increases, as in skiing areas, the impact of avalanches on people and settlements becomes greater. They are caused when the snow pack is destabilised suddenly by a loss of cohesion between naturally forming layers in the snow. Glacially eroded areas can lead to a channelled avalanche by which the avalanche progresses down a gully. Avalanches can block roads and railways, cut off power supplies and telecommunications and under extreme conditions, destroy buildings and cause loss of life. Therefore, glacially eroded landforms have impacted human activity, leading to management programs. For example Juneau, in Alaska, has a high avalanche risk. Many houses and businesses lie in the direct path of known avalanche routes and thus the various management schemes as seen above were discussed, and some put in place to protect the now habituated area. However, avalanches only present problems to certain areas. Slopes, for avalanches to occur, are usually greater than 22 degrees but less than 60 degrees, beyond which point it is unlikely that any significant snow pack will build up. Avalanches also tend to occur more often in spring when the temperatures rise and the snow pack has been accumulating all winter. Prosperity can be gained from the industrial development available due to glacially eroded landforms. Glacially eroded landforms offer scope for HEP production, with their steep, deep valleys for storage and rock lips providing sites for dam construction. Hydroelectric power (HEP) is the most widely used renewable form of energy. Although globally it accounts for only 6 percent of all electricity generated, in some countries it provides much more. Norway, for example, produces 96 percent of its electricity from HEP. The scale of HEP schemes varies enormously. In some Alpine villages, small HEP generators supply the power for a single house or hotel. At the other extreme, large HEP stations feed directly into the UK national grid. The advantage of HEP is that running costs are very low and power is instantly available. The main disadvantages are that initial building costs are high, the visual impact might damage the scenic value of a landscape, and the demand for energy is often some distance away. The positive impact of this on human activity can however have some negative impacts. Some ecological damage is also caused if the migratory routes of fish, such as salmon, are blocked. Fish ladders are sometimes built to avoid this problem. Also, when water passes through HEP schemes, the effect of the vertical drop can be to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in the water. This can be harmful to fish, causing gas bubble disease. HEP in Britain is mostly generated in the glaciated uplands of North Wales, Cumbria and the Scottish Highlands. This is, because, firstly, mountain areas receive the highest rainfall in Britain. For a successful scheme to operate there must be a, reliable supply of running water otherwise the turbines will not turn. Secondly the physical relief is favourable. Glacial troughs, steep stream gradients, hanging valleys and lakes provide the ideal conditions. If natural lakes do not occur, glaciated valleys are relatively cheap to dam because they tend to be narrow and steep sided. Water which is used for HEP is not wasted, it then carries on down the valley. If the valleys are dammed, and the shape of the glacial troughs makes this very straightforward, then the water can be collected and sent to cities in areas of the country where there is perhaps not as much rain as in the highland areas. Glaciers impact human activity here by provide drinking water direct in some areas: rivers like the Rhine and Rhone are fed from glaciers. There is a fear that they may dry up if global warming melts the Alpine glaciers. People in La Paz, Bolivia have water from nearby glacier as public supply. People in the Rhone valley channel glacial meltwater to irrigate their crops. Llyn Peris is a moraine dammed overdeepened ribbon lake, and provides water for Llanberis in N. Wales. Lake Vyrnwy in mid Wales occupies a glacial trough which was flooded in 1889 by building a dam across the valley. Glacially eroded landforms affect human activity both positively and negatively. Avalanches expose inhabitants of the area to great risk, however, they still choose to live there. The positives include tourism, an industry which at present day is thriving and the attractions of these areas owe much to the effects of glaciation. HEP power provides areas with renewable energy and areas with drinking water and natural routeways are provided by glacial erosion. How to cite Distinguish between the processes of erosion and weathering in an area undergoing glaciation, Essays

The Great Gatsby Distortion Of The American free essay sample

The Great Gatsby: Distortion Of The American Dream Essay, Research Paper The American Dream as it is Portrayed in The Great Gatsby Picture this, a individual graduates from high school with awards, goes to college and alumnuss at the top of his/her category. After college, he/she is offered a occupation in the field he/she wants with an one-year wage of about $ 400,000 a twelvemonth. He/she marries the individual of his/her dreams, has two kids and moves into a big, elegant house. Forty old ages subsequently that individual retires with a pension and lives the remainder of his/her life in luxury. This is the American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald had this dream and worked his full life to carry through it, with no help. Fitzgerald was a sensitive immature adult male who idolized wealth and luxury. He fell in love with a beautiful immature adult female named Zelda while stationed at a military cantonment in the South. Several old ages after run intoing Zelda, he reached a high plenty societal criterion that she agreed to get married him. Shortly after the nuptials, Fitzgerald published his first large novel. He became a famous person and fell into a wild, foolhardy life style of parties and degeneracy. Fitzgerald thought he had achieved his dream. Unfortunately, his beautiful married woman was the first portion of his dream to crumple. In 1930, Zelda had her first of many mental dislocations. Soon after Zelda? s dislocations began, Fitzgerald published his fresh Tender is the Night. When this novel was non a success Fitzgerald besides started to hold mental jobs. When his novels started neglecting, he retreated to Hollywood where he began composing screenplays. On December 21, 1940, Fitzgerald died as a rummy in his lover? s Hollywood flat. Throughout his calling, Fitzgerald published many books, but The Great Gatsby is the 1 that became a authoritative. The 4th paragraph from Encarta? s Encyclop edia on F. Scott Fitzgerald best summarizes his novel: Written in chip, concise prose and told by Nick Carraway, it is the narrative of Jay Gatsby. Gatsby becomes a moonshiner in order to achieve the wealth and munificent manner of life he feels are necessary to win the love of Daisy Buchanan, a married, upper-class adult female who had one time rejected him. The narrative ends tragically with Gatsby? s devastation. Although the storyteller finally denounces Daisy and others who confuse the American dream with the chase of wealth and power, he sympathizes with those similar Gatsby who pursue the dream for a redemptive terminal such as love. In F. Scott Fitzgerald? s novel The Great Gatsby, the upper category? s sloppiness with their money, the myth that difficult work ever peers success, and the deficiency of true love in matrimony all show a deformation of the American Dream. One would believe that people with money should cognize how to utilize it decently. Unfortunately this is non so of the upper category characters in The Great Gatsby. The following paragraph from the novel is an first-class illustration of how Gatsby wasted money on his upper category friends. There was music from my neighbour? s house through the summer darks. In his blue gardens work forces and misss came and went like moths among the rustles and the bubbly and the stars. On Mondays eight retainers, including an excess nurseryman, toiled all twenty-four hours with swabs and scrubbing-brushes and cocks and garden-shears, mending the depredations of the dark before. ( Fitzgerald 89 ) The old quotation mark shows how Gatsby went through much convulsion merely to do it look as though he had adequate money to make as he wished. In the upper category, one individual would seek to surpass another by purchasing gifts that are more munificent and by throwing parties that are more excessive than their friends last one. Robert Douglass wrote an article in 1938 about society at that clip. In it, he described how people took so much for granted. The followers is an extract from his article: The people populating in the small town have a richer life than their parents did. They can make a motion-picture theatre by a twenty-minute thrust, they have wirelesss, and they think nil of excursions to Atlantic City, Boston or Canada that many of the old occupants neer made in an full life-time. ( 19 ) As one can see, people throughout the Twentieth Century have thought nil of the modern twenty-four hours comfortss they now have. The same is still true in today? s society, but people seem to be more cognizant of luxuries than people of the? 20? s. One of the largest and most talked about parts of the American Dream, is that when one enters the existent universe he/she will come in the work force as an employee in his/her desired calling. In this calling, he/she believes that if he/she works difficult, he/she will gain great success. Sadly, in the novel The Great Gatsby and in the 1920? s this is, and was about a myth. George Wilson is a mechanic, and in the novel it is ill-defined if that is what he ever wanted to be. For the interest of this paper, one can presume that being a machinist is his dream occupation. Unfortunately, George Wilson? s concern seems to be on the threshold of bankruptcy. One can besides presume that his concern has been like this for a long clip and that he and his married woman Myrtle have been salvaging every cent they earned merely to acquire by. The undermentioned quotation mark is from The Great Gatsby and it gives Nick Caraway? s position of George Wilson? s concern: The inside was unprosperous and bare ; the lone auto visible was the dusty wreck of a Ford, which crouched, in a dim corner. The owner himself appeared in the door of an office, pass overing his custodies on a piece of waste. When he saw us a moist glow of hope sprang into his light bluish eyes. ( Fitzgerald 25 ) From the above quotation mark, one should detect the bleakness of the garage, and how eager George is, as he sees possible clients nearing. Although George does non have much concern from Tom Buchanan, he is really gracious to him. He believes Tom might direct his? rich? friends to go clients of his. Stanley Lebergott of Wesleyan University explains in the book, Americans: An Economic Record, the distribution of wealth in the 19 20s. Those in the upper 5 per centum of the income distribution increased their portion of the national income. Labor? s portion of the national income did non lift at all, and workers suffered from unemployment. By deduction, so, the decennary differed small from earlier 1s ( 431 ) . This shows why George Wilson and others like him remain in a slack and do non thrive in concern, whereas people like Tom Buchanan, have an addition in their annual net incomes. It about seems that the statement ; ? difficult work does non ever equal success? was a false statement in the 20? s. If a individual merely looks at the top five per centum of the income bracket, they may be right. However, if a individual were to look at the other 95 per centum, this individual would see that the statement is true. The lone manner anyone made money in the? 20s was by take parting in? speakeasies? or by? bootlegging? and both were illegal. Another deformation of the American Dream in the novel is through matrimony. By and large, when people get married it is because they love one another, but in The Great Gatsby, the upper category? s nuptialss are chiefly for societal intents. In the upper category, nuptialss are similar to how high school seniors? brace up for prom, they make certain the Prom King and Prom Queen attend the Prom as a twosome. Seen as the? perfect? twosome, these two people compliment each other in every manner. In the novel, when Nick Caraway is sing his cousin Daisy and her hubby Tom Buchanan, it is obvious that they are non genuinely in love but they are married because their societal standings make them hone for one another. While Nick is sing, Daisy and Tom invite him to remain for dinner. While dinner is traveling on, Tom receives a telephone call. Daisy cognizing who it is becomes really disquieted and leaves the tabular array. It is so that Jordan Baker, another invitee, informs Nick about Tom? s matter. She tells Nick that, ? Tom? s got some adult female in New York? ( Fitzgerald 15 ) . Tom holding a kept woman in New York shows how unfaithful he is in matrimony. Adversely holding an matter was non uncommon in the? 20? s, cognizing this one can state that the ethical motives of the clip were non really strong. Shown in the film Night after Night, are the loose ethical motives of the 20? s. The once-rich society flapper, with whom Raft falls in love, is roughed up by him and told that she is merely? another doll with a skirt on. ? The lone difference between her and a inexpensive miss is how she manicures her nails. ( Allen 87 ) Throughout the? 20? s, work forces used and disrespected many adult females because they felt they adult females were inferior. Womans have long since risen above this and can be really demanding of the regard that they deserve. Throughout the novel, Fitzgerald is seeking to convey that there is more to life than one could perchance understand. He shows that non everyone can be successful, have a happy matrimony or even have adequate money to last in life. He is demoing that the American Dream is non come-at-able when one sets it as a dream, but if one sets it as the American Reality, it is possible. One should put realistic ends for life, non 1s that are about unachievable. Alternatively of wishing, to be like Bill Gates when one graduates college, one should put his/her ends to going an above norm worker. One should besides neer give up his/her ends once they are set. An illustration of neer giving up on your dreams/goals stated in the novel is: ? Gatsby believed in the green visible radiation, the orgiastic hereafter that twelvemonth by twelvemonth recedes before us. It eluded us so, but that is no affair? tomorrow we will run quicker, stretch out our weaponries male parent? And one mulct forenoon # 8212 ; # 8211 ; ? ( Fitzgerald 182 ) . Americans today still believe in the Dream to some extent. They believe that if they work hard and use all of their attempt, they can go a great success in life. However, today there is still a deformation of the American Dream. Everyday there is 1000s of matrimonies. These matrimonies are to typify the true love that two people show for each other. In matrimony, one promises to remain faithful and to stay with their spouse through all experiences. However, to counter the bonds of matrimony, there are 100s of divorces each twenty-four hours. Harmonizing to the Stepfamily Foundation, ? one out of two matrimonies ends in divorce. ? Another deformation of the Dream is peace. The undermentioned quotation mark comes from a trifle box in Russell Ash? s book The Top 10 of Everything 1997. ? There are states with worse slaying rates than the United States, but nowhere in the universe has every bit many slayings each twelvemonth? ( 68 ) . In 1997 there wer e about 24,000 slayings, giving the United States a slaying rate of nine slayings per 100,000 people. Still today, many people are under the feeling that the American Dream is unachievable. These people are right. The American Dream has ever been unachievable, therefore the word dream. If people would make an? American Reality? instead than an American Dream many of their ends could and would be accomplishable. Americans need to understand that non everyone can go a multi-millionaire overnight or even in their full life. They need to believe realistically and put their head on practical ends. Hopefully, one twenty-four hours, people will understand that impossible ends are impossible to make and that is why those ends are called the American Dream. Allen, Frederick Lewis. Merely Yesterday An Informal History of the 1920s. New York: Harper A ; Row, 1931: 87. Ash, Russell. The Top 10 Of Everything 1997. New York: DK Publishing Inc. , 1996: 68 Douglass, Robert. ? For Granted? . New York Times, 5 March 1938:19 Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1986: 18, 25, 89, 182 Lebergott, Stanley. The Americans An Economic Record. New York: W. W. Norton A ; Company, 1984: 431. Lofas, Jeannette. The Statistics are Staggering. N.P. Online. 7 Dec. . Marc, David. ? Fitzgerald, F ( rancis ) Scott ( Key ) ? Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation: N.P.