How to Write a Research Paper on Architecture, Building and Planning Detailed Guide

Characterizing Novel Methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex

Describing Novel Methoxybenzene by means of Boron-ate Complex Blend and Characterization of Novel (E)- 1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)- 4-methoxybenzene by means of Boron-ate Complex Habib Hussain[*], Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali, Imdad Hussain, Hajira Rehmanâ Unique: Novel (E)- 1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)- 4-methoxybenzene was incorporated through boron-ate complex. 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl diisopropylcarbamate was responded with allylboronic corrosive pinacol ester within the sight of N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA) to give auxiliary boronic ester which was additionally responded with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene by utilizing Grubbs Hoveyda II. Coming about item (E)- 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was then treated with 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene within the sight of n-BuLi to get nucleophilic boron-ate complex. (E)- 1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)- 4-methoxybenzene was acquired in magnificent yields by mixing boron-ate complex at 50oC for 1h and refluxing for 15h. Watchwords: Lithiation Borylation, Secondary Boronic Ester, Olefin Cross Metathesis, 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene , Boron-ate Complex 1. Presentation Olefin metathesis chemistry1 has driven various open doors in natural blend. Olefin metathesis2involves the redistribution of pieces ofalkenes by recovery of carbon-carbondouble bonds. There are various uses of olefin metathesis and it is a significant technique to deliver reagents. Expansion of aryl lithium reagents to auxiliary boronic esters results to another class of chiral organometallic-type reagents which have wide utility in topsy-turvy natural amalgamation. R. Larouche-Gauthier3 shaped middle boron-ate complex by adding an aryllithium reagent to an optional boronic ester. It carried on as a chiral nucleophile and most extreme enantioselectivity was found by utilizing electron pulling back gatherings on aryllithium. Habib Hussain4 considered the impact of steric heft of aryllithium on stereoselectivity of boron-ate edifices. Hoffmann5 got chiral Grignard reagents from sulfoxides Mg trade response of halosulfoxides. Herbert C. Brown6 examined iodination of the ate-buildings from different B-alkoxyborinane subsidiaries and 1-alkynyllithium. E. Vedejs7 blended ate-buildings which contained stereogenic boron by responding trivalent boranes with nucleophiles. They saw that strength of ate-complex rely on the electronegativity of substituents connected to bor on. Ryschkewitsch, G. E8 settled chiral boron-ate buildings by traditional techniques. Anna Bernardi 9 decided the job of ate-complxes im aldol stereoselectivity. In the ongoing paper, we announced the blend of Novel (E)- 1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)- 4-methoxybenzene (7). It was described by IR, 1H, 13C and ms. Lithiation-Borylation was utilized to integrate the auxiliary boronic ester and by utilizing olefin cross metathesis, it gave (E)- 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane when responded with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene. (E)- 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was changed over into ate-complex when on warming delivered the ideal item. 2. Test Section 2.1. Materials: n-butyllithium (nBuLi), sec. butyllithium arrangement (sBuLi) (1.6M), pinacol, N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA), (vinylsulfonyl)benzene, Grubbs Hoveyda II and 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene were bought from Sigma Aldrich. All reagents were utilized as, for example, got. To evade from dampness diethyl ether (Et2O) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were dried with 4 Aâ ° atomic strainers. The trials were performed utilizing schlenk line under nitrogen climate without air and dampness. 2.2. Combination and Characterization of 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3): To an answer of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl diisopropylcarbamate (1.0g, 3.41mmol, 1.0eq) (1) and N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA) (0.61mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) (2a) in Et2O (17mL) at - 78oC, Sec. BuLi (1.6M in 92:8 cyclohexane/hexane, 2.9mL, 3.75mmol, 1.1eq) was dropwise included and mixed for 5h at - 78oC. At that point allylboronic corrosive pinacol ester (0.77mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) (2) was dropwise added to the response blend and further mixed at - 78oC for 1h and permitted to warm to room temperature. At this stage, an answer of MgBr2.OEt2 in Et2O, made as follows, was added to the response blend. [At room temperature, 1,2-dibromoethane (0.60mL, 6.88mmol, 1.0eq) was included into a suspension of magnesium (0.17g, 6.88mmol, 1.0eq) in Et2O (8.6mL). The response flagon was additionally mixed for 2h subsequent to setting into a water shower so as to control the moderate exotherm]. Biphasic blend having two layers along these lines acquired was added to the previous response blend by means of syringe and afterward refluxed for 16h. In the wake of cooling the response blend to room temperature it was extinguished with water. Et2O was included, the layers were isolated and the fluid stage was removed with Et2O. The joined natural layers were washed with 1N HCl, 1N NaOH, water and salt water, dried (MgSO4), focused and filtered by section chromatography (SiO2) and unadulterated (R)- 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) (0.84g, 77.60%) was acquired as dull oil. The response is given in Figure 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ' ppm 7.09 (2H, d, J=8.80 Hz, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 6.81 (2H, d, J=8.80 Hz, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 5.86 †5.75 (1H, m, CH=CH2) 5.04 (1H, d, J=2.20 Hz, CH=CHH) 4.94 (1H, d, J=10.27 Hz, CH=CHH) 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3) 2.63 2.48 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 2.27 2.11 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 1.78 1.58 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 1.25 (12H, s, 4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' CH3) 1.08 1.18 (1H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ' ppm 157.6 (1C, - OCH3), 138.4 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH), 135.0 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH), 129.2 (1C, ArC-O), 114.9 (1C, - CH2CH=CH2), 113.6 (1C, - CHb=CH2), 83.0 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' C(CH3)2), 55.2 (1C, ArCCH2), 35.3 (1C, CH2CH2CHB), 34.5 (1C, - CH2CHB), 33.1 (1C, - CHBCH2CH), 24.9 (1C, - CH2CH2CHB), 24.8 (4C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' (CH3)2C). 11B NMR (96.23 MHz, None) ÃŽ' ppm 33.24 IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cmâ€1) 3026 (sp2C-H Stretch), 2977, 2924, 2852 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1511, 1456(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1243, 1175, 1142 (sp3C-O Stretch), 846, 822, 670 (sp2 C-H oop twisting). 2.3. Union and Characterization of (E)- 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5): Grubbs-Hoveyda II (4a) (3.9mg, 0.0063mmol, 0.05eq) was added to an answer of 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) (40mg, 0.126 mmol, 1.0eq) and (vinylsulfonyl)benzene (4) (0.0635g, 0.378mmol, 3.0eq) in CH2Cl2 (2mL). Subsequent to fitting a condenser to the flagon, response blend was refluxed for 15h under nitrogen. The response blend was then decreased in volume to 0.5mL and purged legitimately on a silica gel section eluting with 9:1 Pet. Ether/EtOAc to give the ideal item (E)- 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)- 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) as dim earthy colored strong (0.0438g, 77.25%)10. m.p. 82.0oC 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ' ppm 7.88-7.84 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 7.62-7.56 (1H, m, , 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 7.54-7.48 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 7.05-6.99 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 6.96 (1H, t, J=6.97 Hz, CH2-CH=CH) 6.84-6.77 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 6.31 (1H, dt, J=15.16, 1.47 Hz, CH2-CH=CH) 3.78 (3H, s, - CH3) 2.59-2.45 (2H, m, CH2-CH2-CHB) 2.43-2.26 (2H, m, CH2-CHB-CH2) 1.77-1.66 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CHH) 1.63-1.53 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CHH) 1.27-1.21 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CH2) 1.18 (12 H, s, 4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' CH3) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ' ppm 157.7 (1C, ArC-O) 146.9 (1C, ArC-S) 140.8 (1C, CH=CH-S) 134.2 (1C, CH=CH-S) 133.1 (1C, ArC-CH2) 130.6 (1C, ArCH) 129.2 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH) 129.1 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH) 127.5 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH) 113.7 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH) 83.4 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' C(CH3)2) 55.2 (1C, OCH3) 34.1 (1C, CH2CHBCH2) 33.1 (1C, CH2CH2CHB) 32.8 (4C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' (CH3)2C) 24.8 (1C, - CHBCH2CH) 24.7 (1C, CH2CH2CHB) 11B NMR (96.23 MHz, None) ÃŽ' ppm 33.24 IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cmâ€1) 2977, 2924 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1511, 1446(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1244, 1176, 1141 (sp3C-O Stretch), 822, 730, 687 (sp2 C-H oop twisting). 2.4. Blend and Characterization of (E)- 1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)- 4-methoxybenzene (7): To an answer of 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br (24.6mg, 0.084mmol, 1.2eq) in THF (1.9mL) at - 78oC was included n-BuLi (1.6M in hexanes, 0.053mL, 0.084mmol, 1.2eq) dropwise. The blend was mixed for 1 hr at - 78oC before an answer of boronic ester (32mg, 0.070mmol, 1.0eq) in THF (1.5mL) was included dropwise. The response blend was mixed for 30min at - 78oC and 30min at room temperature to frame boron-ate complex which was additionally warmed at 50oC for 1 hr and refluxed for 15hr. Response was extinguished with water, EtOAc was included and layers were isolated. The fluid stage was separated with EtOAc. At that point layers were joined, washed with saline solution, dried (MgSO4), concentrated. The rough blend was at long last sanitized by section chromatography (SiO2, 2:1 Pet.Ether/EtOAc) to get wanted item as vapid oil (19.87mg, 62.10%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ' ppm 7.14-7.07 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 6.85 6.80 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArH) 6.30 (1H, dt, J=17.00, 10.21 Hz, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 6.12-5.97 (1H, m, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 5.78-5.69 (1H, m, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 5.21-5.06 (1H, m, CH=CHH) 4.99-4.95 (1H, m, CH=CHH) 3.79 (3H, s, - CH3) 2.70-2.60 (2H, m, CH2CH2CH) 2.52-2.33 (2H, m, CH2CH2CH) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ' ppm 157.7 (1C, ArC-O) 137.0 (1C, CH=CH2) 133.7 (1C, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 132.0 (1C, ArC-CH2) 129.5 (1C, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 129.1 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH) 114.9 (1C, CH=CH2) 113.6 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢' ArCH) 55.1 (1C, CH3) 34.6 (

75 Persuasive Essay Topic Ideas

75 Persuasive Essay Topic Ideas The persuasive essay is one type of writing that you will likely come across in your academic career. A persuasive essay, if youre unfamiliar, is one in which you have to make an argument. You need to choose a side and prove why youre correct by using hard evidence and convincing language. The idea is that you want to convince the reader that your argument is the right one, so youll definitely want to pick a topic that youre passionate about and something that youll get excited about researching and writing. This exercise is designed so that you can clearly articulate your opinion and understand why its important to have evidence to back up your claim.Your teacher or instructor will probably have specific guidelines on what your essay should entail, but you might have a little bit of free reign on what kinds of topics you can explore and argue about in your essay. With so many things to argue about and for, it might be a little overwhelming to come up with a topic on your own. When y ou feel like youre stuck on brainstorming ideas, take a look at the following list of 75 persuasive essay topics. You may find something you can use, or something you can adapt for the specific guidelines of your paper. Happy writing!Educational persuasive essay topicsThere are so many things that can be discussed when it comes to education. In our country (and globally), there are many different opinions on how education should be handled and what tactics teachers or academic administrators should use. Here are a few topics on education (which could be expanded or changed to fit your teachers guidelines) that might be of interest to you.Should soda be offered in school cafeterias?Should schools teach abstinence-only education?Why should schools teach financial literacy?Do all students need to go to college?Should students take a gap year after high school?Do all students need to learn a foreign language?Is online or homeschool an effective way to learn?Should standardized tests det ermine whether or not you go on to another grade level?Should all students be required to participate in the arts?Should a college education be free?Should high school journalists be protected under the First Amendment?Some universities just have pass/fail grades instead of letter grades. How do you feel about this?Should teachers/professors be unbiased in the classroom?Should you still learn cursive in elementary school? What are the disadvantages/ advantages?Many college campuses have speakers come in occasionally. These speakers can range in political opinion and some can be controversial. Should you let speakers come to schools that have controversial rhetoric or ideas to uphold free speech?Political persuasive essay topicsThey say that you should never talk about politics or religion because its not polite. But in a persuasive essay, that rule is completely extinguished. Politics and religion are hotbed subjects for a reasonâ€"because so many people have radically different ide as of how a society and a country should operate. What side of these political persuasive topics are you on? Take a stab at one of these and the paper will likely fly out onto the keyboard.Should protesters be allowed to block traffic? Do they pose a threat to public safety?Why should you vote?Should same-sex marriage be legal?What is your opinion on protecting religious liberties?What is your opinion on separating church and state?Why has the country become so divided politically over the past few years? Can it be fixed?Many industries (like coal and manufacturing) are tough to find a job in and many Americans are out of work. How should we solve this problem?Should citizens under 18 be able to vote?Should a National Voter ID law be passed to avoid voter fraud?What does the phrase fake news mean?Local newspapers are dwindling. What should be done, if anything, about this problem?Should local municipalities do more to combat global warming? If so, how?How should we reduce the threat of terrorism in the United States?Females have traditionally lower participation in politics. Why do you think that is?Some people say that the top 1% of earners dont pay enough taxes. How do you feel about this?Will a huge wall on the southern border with Mexico solve the United States immigration problem?How should we solve the United States immigration problem?The voter turnout for the 2016 presidential election was less than 60%, which is much lower than in other democratic societies. Why do you think this is and what can be done about it (or should anything be done about it)?Millennials are graduating college with a lot of student loan debt. What should be done to avoid a debt crisis?Many say that minimum wage jobs are low skill and the workers in them shouldnt be compensated more for their work, but others claim that a minimum wage job isnt enough money to live off of. Which side do you land on?What do you think of celebrities who are vocal about environmental issues but who frequently fly on private, and not commercial, jets?Crime and legal persuasive essay topicsCrime in any society is an unfortunate inevitability. Why does crime happen and what should be done about it? These are just a few of the things to explore in these crime/legal persuasive essay topics.What should we do about a city with a high crime rate like Chicago?Should guns be allowed on college campuses?Should gun laws be more restrictive?Do we have a right to privacy?Trends have shown that many recent terrorists have been convicted or accused of domestic violence. What should be done and how do you feel about this?Should we have the death penalty? If so, when should it be used?Many prisoners are incarcerated for minor drug charges (such as possession of drugs or drug paraphernalia). Should we try to rehabilitate these prisoners or should they serve their full sentences?Colorado has legalized marijuana for recreational purposes. What is your opinion of this?Do you think marijuana is a ga teway drug which leads some users to harder drugs?Can criminals be rehabilitated?Many prisoners who enter the system are likely to have a high recurrence of criminal activity. What can be done to solve this?Many people are starting to use drones for recreational activity. Should there be restrictions on where and how you can use your personal drone?Self-driving cars are expected to become increasingly used on city roads. If a self-driving car gets into an accident, whose fault is it? The engineers?Health persuasive essay topicsHealth is something that we all have to worry about. Whether its our own health or the health of a loved one, there are many things to think about and research on. Whats your opinion on the healthcare system in our country? Should we treat drug addiction like a disease? How should we handle end-of-life care? Try out one of these essay topics to research and gain insight on some of the biggest challenges and questions that our society faces when it comes to hea lth.Opioid addiction is at an all-time high in states like Ohio. What should we do to combat this?Should healthcare be universal?How do you feel about paternity leave?Should women get guaranteed maternity leave?The state of California requires that you display nutrition facts about menu items in restaurants. Should all states do this?Should fast food be sin taxed like cigarettes are?There is an effort to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. Should we do this or not? If we should, what improvements can be made to a replacement act?Many soldiers are coming back from warfare with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. What should we do to help them?Many Americans are overweight. What has caused this health crisis and what can be done about it?Should vitamins and supplements be more tightly regulated?Should health insurance companies provide more financial incentives for subscribers to work out and eat more healthfully?Womens and gender persuasive essay topicsAre there inherent differen ces between men and women or is that just a societal myth? Women have gained a lot more rights over the last 100 years in America, but some say they still have a long way to go before they achieve equal rights. How do you feel about this and other womens and gender issues? Explore the following fascinating topics.Women have what is known as the second shift (meaning that as soon as they get home from work they have additional responsibilities that require their attention immediately). What do you think about this concept and should anything be done about it?There are many womens rights and minority rights advocates. Should there be mens rights advocacy groups? What about Caucasian advocacy groups?Some people say that gender is a socially constructed norm. What do you think?Women who participate in body building competitions are trying to build the ideal figure, which some claim is an outdated, sexist idea. But some argue that building muscles is considered a sport and a traditionall y masculine idea. Which side do you agree with?Some people think that beauty pageants are outdated and anti-feminist and shouldnt be televised anymore. How do you feel?New wave feminism is the idea that feminism can encompass many different ideas of what it is to be a feminist. Its the idea that you can have choices (whether thats staying at home with children or trying to be a CEO). How do you feel about new wave feminism?Miscellaneous persuasive essay topicsOf course, there are more categories of essay topics than what are listed above. Here are some additional essay topics if you havent found one yet that captures your interest.Does social media improve or hurt our society?Is it important or frivolous to travel the world?Many Americans watch a lot of reality TV shows. Why do you think this is?With many people reading digital copies of books, are libraries necessary anymore?Should anything be done to curb the rise in offensive lyrics in music?Should pregnant women be allowed to pa rk in handicapped parking spots?Recent studies have shown that pets improve the mental and the physical health of their owners. Should pet-related expenses be tax-deductible?What do you think about net neutrality?With the rise in selfies and Instagram photo filtering apps, do you think we have become a more self-obsessed society?

Learning And Transformation Of Learners - 771 Words

From the figure above in 2007-2011, a total of 359,047 male children left school, higher than 1997-2000 with only 60,267 boys who left. Female children out of school were higher between 2007 and 20011 comprising 289,874 in total than 76, 866 in 1997-2000 (World Bank, 2011). Figures provided, remind the need for added value and quality education, attractive for learning and transformation of learners When it comes to poverty experience during an educational journey, children from employed parents did not experience education limitation, their parents ensured an improved education for their children contrary to poor parents â€Å"Personally, I had all school needs, my parents were working. I work hard for my children too. I know the value of education, so I’m working to ensure that my children acquire the education they deserve. I am employed.† One participant noted. Although she had a â€Å"pleasant experience† as (Van Manen, 2014) put it in her educational journe y, she explained her â€Å"unpleasant experience† (Kindle Location 2479), regarding poor children’s education. The participants noted that â€Å"[b]ut there are poor children. I can see little children asking to clean dishes for payment instead of attending school, a child who is supposed to be in primary school asking for a house work, skipping school [†¦].† In addition she noted that although the law forbid child labor, still Children involve in employment [†¦]. If someone found employing a school child will be sued. Yet, sometimesShow MoreRelatedLearning And Transformation Of Learners821 Words   |  4 Pages267 boys who left. Female children out of school were higher between 2007 and 20011 comprising 289,874 in total than 76, 866 in 1997-2000 (World Bank, 2011). This is a reminder for the need of added value and quality attractive for learning and transformation of learners. 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The Working Poor in America Essay - 1387 Words

The Working Poor in America The concept of the working poor has gained prominence in the post-welfare reform era. As welfare rolls shrunk, the focus shifted from the dependent poor to the working poor. It was obvious that without substantial outside support, even families with full-time low-wage workers were still earning less than the official poverty line. And while American society purports that anyone can prosper if they work hard enough, it became apparent that with inadequate opportunity or bad luck, a growing number of families could not attain the American dream, or even break the cycle of poverty. The new challenge for American social policy is to help the working poor lift themselves out of poverty. Thats why progressives†¦show more content†¦He describes the entangling forces that grip many of the poor: For practically every family, then, the ingredients of poverty are part financial and part psychological, part personal and part societal, part past and part present. Every problem magnifies the impact of others, and all are so tightly interlocked that one reversal can produce a chain reaction with results far distant from the original cause. A run-down apartment can exacerbate a childs asthma, which leads to a call for an ambulance, which generates a medical bill that cannot be paid, which ruins a credit record, which hikes the interest rate on an auto loan, which forces the purchase of an unreliable used car, which jeopardizes a mothers punctuality at work, which limits her promotions and earning capacity, which confines her to poor housing. Caroline Payne, who as a child bounced back and forth between caretakers after her parents divorce, is one of the impoverished workers Shipler offers to illustrate the point. After two divorces and four children, Caroline worked several low-wage jobs. The jobs, and the odd hours that often accompanies unskilled labor, became more difficult to maintain as she tried to arrange appropriate schooling and after-school care for her learning disabled daughter. Promotions in jobs she kept were difficult to come by becauseShow MoreRelated The Working Poor in America Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Working Poor in America The United States, a place where anyone can â€Å"pick themselves up by the bootstraps† and realize the American dream of a comfortable lifestyle. Well, for over 30 million Americans this is no longer possible. Though we live in the richest and most powerful country in the world there are many who are living under or at the precipice of the poverty level, â€Å"While the United States has enjoyed unprecedented affluence, low-wage employees have been testing the American doctrineRead MoreThe Working Poor: Invisibe in America Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pages well paying job, and have a secure family. In the renowned novel The Working Poor: Invisible in America by David K. Shipler he captures those Americans who live invisible in America that work so hard to suffer from the psychological effects of poverty. Not only does Shipler do that but he also indirectly talks about the â€Å"American Myth† and the â€Å"American Anti Myth through the lives on these individuals.â₠¬  In The Working Poor Shipler goes on to explain both of the myths. Shipler states that the AmericanRead MoreDavid K. Shipler s Work1696 Words   |  7 Pages David K. Shipler went on a journey trying to reveal the truth about Americas working poor. It was a little difficult trying to find different ways of getting enough information about the life of the poor, and getting them to feel comfortable explaining the stressful life that they lived in America the great. There were many different aspects and situations about people that were struggling to make it in America. David K. Shipler used many different research methods on this project, and wentRead MoreHow Americans Are Not Getting What They Came For America?1015 Words   |  5 PagesSince its discovery North America has been a home for the dreamers, the desirous, and the world changers. This can be attributed to many things, but the idea is always consistent. America holds a promise; holds a certain kind of hope. Some call it luck, but others would call it the American dream. The idea that one can take nothing and turn it into something beautiful and new is at the root of our civilization. Though in the past half a century, America and its economy has drastically changed, asRead MoreThe Working Poor1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe working poor are those people that work the hardest for their dollar, work the hardest to get their paychecks, work the hardest to survive. Most of the working poor live paycheck to paycheck and like the saying goes, â€Å"robbing from Peter to pay Paul.† There is a way out of poverty, and there is a way for these struggling individuals to escape the perils of their life in poverty. It is not an easy road out, but it is possible. It is important for those that are born into this lifestyle to knowRead MorePoor Working Conditions in the Age of Industrialization751 Words   |  3 Pagescheap labor, and resulting in poor working conditions. The texts â€Å"Modern America is Born† by Milton Meltzer, â€Å"Robber Barons and Rebels† by Howard Zinn, and â€Å"Hostile Employers See Yourselves as Others Know You† by Samuel Gompers, talks about poor working conditions that happened during industrialization. The working conditions in the late 1800s and the early 1900s were very poor. In 1869 the completion of the first transcontinental railroad was a new development in America. The railroad was built mostlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Industrial Park By Patricia Galvao1275 Words   |  6 Pages Industrial Park by Patricia Galvao is book referencing to the industrialization going on in Latin America in late 19th century and early 20th. The book goes into both views and lives of the proletariat working class and the bourgeoisie middle to upper class. The book helps with understanding the ghastly and rough working conditions in factories for the working class. The dingy living conditions for workers apposed to the luxury of the bourgeoisie and the wealth they have from the exploitation ofRead MoreWhat’S So Great About America?. In The Essay â€Å"What’S So1471 Words   |  6 PagesWhat’s So Great about America? In the essay â€Å"What’s so great about America† by Dinesh D’Souza, the India born author shares his experience while living in America. D’Souza first starts his essay saying â€Å"Here is a country where everything works†(D’Souza 237-238), everything from the highway sign to properly working public toilets. He also emphasized how overwhelmed an immigrant can find themselves while visiting a supermarket for the first time. D’Souza then compares America to most countries todayRead MoreClass in America1189 Words   |  5 PagesMantsios Class in America In Mantsios article â€Å"Class in America† he states that Americans hold beliefs that blind them to social classes, citizens in America have four myths they use to ensure talk about the classes never take place. America has the largest gap between rich and poor in the world, and the lower class has no means to an end they can’t afford health care or quality education. The upper class avoids talk about social class the most; wealthy people don’t want to admit that they are betterRead MoreThe Distinction of Social Classes in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser1653 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation, the economy’s stability began to fluctuate. The instability within the states gave rise to two distinct populations within America, the upper and the working classes. Theodore Dreiser, knowing the volatile state America was built upon, highlighted the economic differences between the wealthy and the poor in his novel Sister Carrie. During the eighteenth century, America had transformed from a simple homestead into an ornate country. Within the bustling empire, the wealthy were able to live lavish

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 44-47 Free Essays

CHAPTER 44 â€Å"Ten digits,† Sophie said, her cryptologic senses tingling as she studied the printout. 13-3-2-21-1-1-8-5 Grand-pere wrote his account number on the Louvre floor! When Sophie had first seen the scrambled Fibonacci sequence on the parquet, she had assumed its sole purpose was to encourage DCPJ to call in their cryptographers and get Sophie involved.Later, she realized the numbers were also a clue as to how to decipher the other lines – a sequence out of order†¦a numeric anagram. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code Chapter 44-47 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, utterly amazed, she saw the numbers had a more important meaning still. They were almost certainly the final key to opening her grandfather’s mysterious safe- deposit box. â€Å"He was the master of double-entendres,† Sophie said, turning to Langdon. â€Å"He loved anything with multiple layers of meaning. Codes within codes.† Langdon was already moving toward the electronic podium near the conveyor belt. Sophie grabbed the computer printout and followed. The podium had a keypad similar to that of a bank ATM terminal. The screen displayed the bank’s cruciform logo. Beside the keypad was a triangular hole. Sophie wasted no time inserting the shaft of her key into the hole. The screen refreshed instantly. ACCOUNT NUMBER: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The cursor blinked. Waiting. Ten digits.Sophie read the numbers off the printout, and Langdon typed them in. ACCOUNT NUMBER: 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 8 5 When he had typed the last digit, the screen refreshed again. A message in several languages appeared. English was on top. CAUTION: Before you strike the enter key, please check the accuracy of your account number. For your own security, if the computer does not recognize your account number, this system will automatically shut down. â€Å"Fonction terminer,†Sophie said, frowning. â€Å"Looks like we only get one try.† Standard ATM machines allowed users three attempts to type a PIN before confiscating their bank card. This was obviously no ordinary cash machine. â€Å"The number looks right,† Langdon confirmed, carefully checking what they had typed and comparing it to the printout. He motioned to the ENTER key. â€Å"Fire away.† Sophie extended her index finger toward the keypad, but hesitated, an odd thought now hitting her. â€Å"Go ahead,† Langdon urged. â€Å"Vernet will be back soon.† â€Å"No.† She pulled her hand away. â€Å"This isn’t the right account number.† â€Å"Of course it is! Ten digits. What else would it be?† â€Å"It’s too random.† Too random? Langdon could not have disagreed more. Every bank advised its customers to choose PINs at random so nobody could guess them. Certainly clients here would be advised to choose their account numbers at random. Sophie deleted everything she had just typed in and looked up at Langdon, her gaze self-assured.† It’s far too coincidental that this supposedly random account number could be rearranged to form the Fibonacci sequence.† Langdon realized she had a point. Earlier, Sophie had rearranged this account number into the Fibonacci sequence. What were the odds of being able to do that? Sophie was at the keypad again, entering a different number, as if from memory. â€Å"Moreover, with my grandfather’s love of symbolism and codes, it seems to follow that he would have chosen an account number that had meaning to him, something he could easily remember.† She finished typing the entry and gave a sly smile. â€Å"Something that appeared random†¦ but was not.† Langdon looked at the screen. ACCOUNT NUMBER: 1123581321 It took him an instant, but when Langdon spotted it, he knew she was right. The Fibonacci sequence. 1-1-2-3-5-8-13-21 When the Fibonacci sequence was melded into a single ten-digit number, it became virtually unrecognizable. Easy to remember, and yet seemingly random.A brilliant ten-digit code that Sauniere would never forget. Furthermore, it perfectly explained why the scrambled numbers on the Louvre floor could be rearranged to form the famous progression. Sophie reached down and pressed the ENTER key. Nothing happened. At least nothing they could detect. At that moment, beneath them, in the bank’s cavernous subterranean vault, a robotic claw sprang to life. Sliding on a double-axis transport system attached to the ceiling, the claw headed off in search of the proper coordinates. On the cement floor below, hundreds of identical plastic crates lay aligned on an enormous grid†¦ like rows of small coffins in an underground crypt. Whirring to a stop over the correct spot on the floor, the claw dropped down, an electric eye confirming the bar code on the box. Then, with computer precision, the claw grasped the heavy handle and hoisted the crate vertically. New gears engaged, and the claw transported the box to the far side of the vault, coming to a stop over a stationary conveyor belt. Gently now, the retrieval arm set down the crate and retracted. Once the arm was clear, the conveyor belt whirred to life†¦ . Upstairs, Sophie and Langdon exhaled in relief to see the conveyor belt move. Standing beside the belt, they felt like weary travelers at baggage claim awaiting a mysterious piece of luggage whose contents were unknown. The conveyor belt entered the room on their right through a narrow slit beneath a retractable door. The metal door slid up, and a huge plastic box appeared, emerging from the depths on the inclined conveyor belt. The box was black, heavy molded plastic, and far larger than she imagined. It looked like an air-freight pet transport crate without any air holes. The box coasted to a stop directly in front of them. Langdon and Sophie stood there, silent, staring at the mysterious container. Like everything else about this bank, this crate was industrial – metal clasps, a bar code sticker on top, and molded heavy-duty handle. Sophie thought it looked like a giant toolbox. Wasting no time, Sophie unhooked the two buckles facing her. Then she glanced over at Langdon. Together, they raised the heavy lid and let it fall back. Stepping forward, they peered down into the crate. At first glance, Sophie thought the crate was empty. Then she saw something. Sitting at the bottom of the crate. A lone item. The polished wooden box was about the size of a shoebox and had ornate hinges. The wood was a lustrous deep purple with a strong grain. Rosewood, Sophie realized. Her grandfather’s favorite. The lid bore a beautiful inlaid design of a rose. She and Langdon exchanged puzzled looks. Sophie leaned in and grabbed the box, lifting it out. My God, it’s heavy! She carried it gingerly to a large receiving table and set it down. Langdon stood beside her, both of them staring at the small treasure chest her grandfather apparently had sent them to retrieve. Langdon stared in wonderment at the lid’s hand-carved inlay – a five-petal rose. He had seen this type of rose many times. â€Å"The five-petal rose,† he whispered,† is a Priory symbol for the Holy Grail.† Sophie turned and looked at him. Langdon could see what she was thinking, and he was thinking it too. The dimensions of the box, the apparent weight of its contents, and a Priory symbol for the Grail all seemed to imply one unfathomable conclusion. The Cup of Christ is in this wooden box. Langdon again told himself it was impossible. â€Å"It’s a perfect size,† Sophie whispered,† to hold†¦ a chalice.† It can’t be a chalice. Sophie pulled the box toward her across the table, preparing to open it. As she moved it, though, something unexpected happened. The box let out an odd gurgling sound. Langdon did a double take. There’s liquid inside? Sophie looked equally confused. â€Å"Did you just hear†¦ ?† Langdon nodded, lost. â€Å"Liquid.† Reaching forward, Sophie slowly unhooked the clasp and raised the lid. The object inside was unlike anything Langdon had ever seen. One thing was immediately clear to both of them, however. This was definitely not the Cup of Christ. CHAPTER 45 â€Å"The police are blocking the street,† Andre Vernet said, walking into the waiting room. â€Å"Getting you out will be difficult.† As he closed the door behind him, Vernet saw the heavy-duty plastic case on the conveyor belt and halted in his tracks. My God! They accessed Sauniere’s account? Sophie and Langdon were at the table, huddling over what looked to be a large wooden jewelry box. Sophie immediately closed the lid and looked up. â€Å"We had the account number after all,† she said. Vernet was speechless. This changed everything. He respectfully diverted his eyes from the box and tried to figure out his next move. I have to get them out of the bank! But with the police already having set up a roadblock, Vernet could imagine only one way to do that. â€Å"Mademoiselle Neveu, if I can get you safely out of the bank, will you be taking the item with you or returning it to the vault before you leave?† Sophie glanced at Langdon and then back to Vernet. â€Å"We need to take it.† Vernet nodded. â€Å"Very well. Then whatever the item is, I suggest you wrap it in your jacket as we move through the hallways. I would prefer nobody else see it.† As Langdon shed his jacket, Vernet hurried over to the conveyor belt, closed the now empty crate, and typed a series of simple commands. The conveyor belt began moving again, carrying the plastic container back down to the vault. Pulling the gold key from the podium, he handed it to Sophie. â€Å"This way please. Hurry.† When they reached the rear loading dock, Vernet could see the flash of police lights filtering through the underground garage. He frowned. They were probably blocking the ramp. Am I really going to try to pull this off? He was sweating now. Vernet motioned to one of the bank’s small armored trucks. Transport sur was another service offered by the Depository Bank of Zurich. â€Å"Get in the cargo hold,† he said, heaving open the massive rear door and motioning to the glistening steel compartment. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† As Sophie and Langdon climbed in, Vernet hurried across the loading dock to the dock overseer’s office, let himself in, collected the keys for the truck, and found a driver’s uniform jacket and cap. Shedding his own suit coat and tie, he began to put on the driver’s jacket. Reconsidering, he donned a shoulder holster beneath the uniform. On his way out, he grabbed a driver’s pistol from the rack, put in a clip, and stuffed it in the holster, buttoning his uniform over it. Returning to the truck, Vernet pulled the driver’s cap down low and peered in at Sophie and Langdon, who were standing inside the empty steel box. â€Å"You’ll want this on,† Vernet said, reaching inside and flicking a wall switch to illuminate the lone courtesy bulb on the hold’s ceiling. â€Å"And you’d better sit down. Not a sound on our way out the gate.† Sophie and Langdon sat down on the metal floor. Langdon cradled the treasure wadded in his tweed jacket. Swinging the heavy doors closed, Vernet locked them inside. Then he got in behind the wheel and revved the engine. As the armored truck lumbered toward the top of the ramp, Vernet could feel the sweat already collecting beneath his driver’s cap. He could see there were far more police lights in front than he had imagined. As the truck powered up the ramp, the interior gate swung inward to let him pass. Vernet advanced and waited while the gate behind him closed before pulling forward and tripping the next sensor. The second gate opened, and the exit beckoned. Except for the police car blocking the top of the ramp. Vernet dabbed his brow and pulled forward. A lanky officer stepped out and waved him to a stop a few meters from the roadblock. Four patrol cars were parked out front. Vernet stopped. Pulling his driver’s cap down farther, he effected as rough a facade as his cultured upbringing would allow. Not budging from behind the wheel, he opened the door and gazed down at the agent, whose face was stern and sallow. â€Å"Qu’est-ce qui se passe?† Vernet asked, his tone rough. â€Å"Je suis Jerome Collet,† the agent said. â€Å"Lieutenant Police Judiciaire.† He motioned to the truck’s cargo hold. â€Å"Qu’est-ce qu’ily a la dedans?† â€Å"Hell if I know,† Vernet replied in crude French. â€Å"I’m only a driver.† Collet looked unimpressed. â€Å"We’re looking for two criminals.† Vernet laughed. â€Å"Then you came to the right spot. Some of these bastards I drive for have so much money they must be criminals.† The agent held up a passport picture of Robert Langdon. â€Å"Was this man in your bank tonight?† Vernet shrugged. â€Å"No clue. I’m a dock rat. They don’t let us anywhere near the clients. You need to go in and ask the front desk.† â€Å"Your bank is demanding a search warrant before we can enter.† Vernet put on a disgusted look. â€Å"Administrators. Don’t get me started.† â€Å"Open your truck, please.† Collet motioned toward the cargo hold. Vernet stared at the agent and forced an obnoxious laugh. â€Å"Open the truck? You think I have keys? You think they trust us? You should see the crap wages I get paid.† The agent’s head tilted to one side, his skepticism evident. â€Å"You’re telling me you don’t have keys to your own truck?† Vernet shook his head. â€Å"Not the cargo area. Ignition only. These trucks get sealed by overseers on the loading dock. Then the truck sits in dock while someone drives the cargo keys to the drop-off. Once we get the call that the cargo keys are with the recipient, then I get the okay to drive. Not a second before. I never know what the hell I’m lugging.† â€Å"When was this truck sealed?† â€Å"Must have been hours ago. I’m driving all the way up to St. Thurial tonight. Cargo keys are already up there.† The agent made no response, his eyes probing as if trying to read Vernet’s mind. A drop of sweat was preparing to slide down Vernet’s nose. â€Å"You mind?† he said, wiping his nose with his sleeve and motioning to the police car blocking his way. â€Å"I’m on a tight schedule.† â€Å"Do all the drivers wear Rolexes?† the agent asked, pointing to Vernet’s wrist. Vernet glanced down and saw the glistening band of his absurdly expensive watch peeking out from beneath the sleeve of his jacket. Merde. â€Å"This piece of shit? Bought it for twenty euro from a Taiwanese street vendor in St. Germain des Pres. I’ll sell it to you for forty.† The agent paused and finally stepped aside. â€Å"No thanks. Have a safe trip.† Vernet did not breathe again until the truck was a good fifty meters down the street. And now he had another problem. His cargo. Where do I take them? CHAPTER 46 Silas lay prone on the canvas mat in his room, allowing the lash wounds on his back to clot in the air. Tonight’s second session with the Discipline had left him dizzy and weak. He had yet to remove the cilice belt, and he could feel the blood trickling down his inner thigh. Still, he could not justify removing the strap. I have failed the Church. Far worse, I have failed the bishop. Tonight was supposed to be Bishop Aringarosa’s salvation. Five months ago, the bishop had returned from a meeting at the Vatican Observatory, where he had learned something that left him deeply changed. Depressed for weeks, Aringarosa had finally shared the news with Silas. â€Å"But this is impossible!† Silas had cried out. â€Å"I cannot accept it!† â€Å"It is true,† Aringarosa said. â€Å"Unthinkable, but true. In only six months.† The bishop’s words terrified Silas. He prayed for deliverance, and even in those dark days, his trust in God and The Way never wavered. It was only a month later that the clouds parted miraculously and the light of possibility shone through. Divine intervention, Aringarosa had called it. The bishop had seemed hopeful for the first time. â€Å"Silas,† he whispered,† God has bestowed upon us an opportunity to protect The Way. Our battle, like all battles, will take sacrifice. Will you be a soldier of God?† Silas fell to his knees before Bishop Aringarosa – the man who had given him a new life – and he said,† I am a lamb of God. Shepherd me as your heart commands.† When Aringarosa described the opportunity that had presented itself, Silas knew it could only be the hand of God at work. Miraculous fate! Aringarosa put Silas in contact with the man who had proposed the plan – a man who called himself the Teacher. Although the Teacher and Silas never met face-to-face, each time they spoke by phone, Silas was awed, both by the profundity of the Teacher’s faith and by the scope of his power. The Teacher seemed to be a man who knew all, a man with eyes and ears in all places. How the Teacher gathered his information, Silas did not know, but Aringarosa had placed enormous trust in the Teacher, and he had told Silas to do the same. â€Å"Do as the Teacher commands you,† the bishop told Silas. â€Å"And we will be victorious.† Victorious.Silas now gazed at the bare floor and feared victory had eluded them. The Teacher had been tricked. The keystone was a devious dead end. And with the deception, all hope had vanished. Silas wished he could call Bishop Aringarosa and warn him, but the Teacher had removed all their lines of direct communication tonight. For our safety. Finally, overcoming enormous trepidation, Silas crawled to his feet and found his robe, which lay on the floor. He dug his cell phone from the pocket. Hanging his head in shame, he dialed. â€Å"Teacher,† he whispered,† all is lost.† Silas truthfully told the man how he had been tricked.† You lose your faith too quickly,† the Teacher replied. â€Å"I have just received news. Most unexpected and welcome. The secret lives. Jacques Sauniere transferred information before he died. I will call you soon. Our work tonight is not yet done.† CHAPTER 47 Riding inside the dimly lit cargo hold of the armored truck was like being transported inside a cell for solitary confinement. Langdon fought the all too familiar anxiety that haunted him in confined spaces. Vernet said he would take us a safe distance out of the city.Where? How far? Langdon’s legs had gotten stiff from sitting cross-legged on the metal floor, and he shifted his position, wincing to feel the blood pouring back into his lower body. In his arms, he still clutched the bizarre treasure they had extricated from the bank. â€Å"I think we’re on the highway now,† Sophie whispered. Langdon sensed the same thing. The truck, after an unnerving pause atop the bank ramp, had moved on, snaking left and right for a minute or two, and was now accelerating to what felt like top speed. Beneath them, the bulletproof tires hummed on smooth pavement. Forcing his attention to the rosewood box in his arms, Langdon laid the precious bundle on the floor, unwrapped his jacket, and extracted the box, pulling it toward him. Sophie shifted her position so they were sitting side by side. Langdon suddenly felt like they were two kids huddled over a Christmas present. In contrast to the warm colors of the rosewood box, the inlaid rose had been crafted of a pale wood, probably ash, which shone clearly in the dim light. The Rose.Entire armies and religions had been built on this symbol, as had secret societies. The Rosicrucians.The Knights of the Rosy Cross. â€Å"Go ahead,† Sophie said. â€Å"Open it.† Langdon took a deep breath. Reaching for the lid, he stole one more admiring glance at the intricate woodwork and then, unhooking the clasp, he opened the lid, revealing the object within. Langdon had harbored several fantasies about what they might find inside this box, but clearly he had been wrong on every account. Nestled snugly inside the box’s heavily padded interior of crimson silk lay an object Langdon could not even begin to comprehend. Crafted of polished white marble, it was a stone cylinder approximately the dimensions of a tennis ball can. More complicated than a simple column of stone, however, the cylinder appeared to have been assembled in many pieces. Six doughnut-sized disks of marble had been stacked and affixed to one another within a delicate brass framework. It looked like some kind of tubular, multi-wheeled kaleidoscope. Each end of the cylinder was affixed with an end cap, also marble, making it impossible to see inside. Having heard liquid within, Langdon assumed the cylinder was hollow. As mystifying as the construction of the cylinder was, however, it was the engravings around the tube’s circumference that drew Langdon’s primary focus. Each of the six disks had been carefully carved with the same unlikely series of letters – the entire alphabet. The lettered cylinder reminded Langdon of one of his childhood toys – a rod threaded with lettered tumblers that could be rotated to spell different words. â€Å"Amazing, isn’t it?† Sophie whispered. Langdon glanced up. â€Å"I don’t know. What the hell is it?† Now there was a glint in Sophie’s eye. â€Å"My grandfather used to craft these as a hobby. They were invented by Leonardo Da Vinci.† Even in the diffuse light, Sophie could see Langdon’s surprise. â€Å"Da Vinci?† he muttered, looking again at the canister.† Yes. It’s called a cryptex.According to my grandfather, the blueprints come from one of Da Vinci’s secret diaries.† â€Å"What is it for?† Considering tonight’s events, Sophie knew the answer might have some interesting implications. â€Å"It’s a vault,† she said. â€Å"For storing secret information.† Langdon’s eyes widened further. Sophie explained that creating models of Da Vinci’s inventions was one of her grandfather’s best-loved hobbies. A talented craftsman who spent hours in his wood and metal shop, Jacques Sauniere enjoyed imitating master craftsmen – Faberge, assorted cloisonne artisans, and the less artistic, but far more practical, Leonardo Da Vinci. Even a cursory glance through Da Vinci’s journals revealed why the luminary was as notorious for his lack of follow-through as he was famous for his brilliance. Da Vinci had drawn up blueprints for hundreds of inventions he had never built. One of Jacques Sauniere’s favorite pastimes was bringing Da Vinci’s more obscure brainstorms to life – timepieces, water pumps, cryptexes, and even a fully articulated model of a medieval French knight, which now stood proudly on the desk in his office. Designed by Da Vinci in 1495 as an outgrowth of his earliest anatomy and kinesiology studies, the internal mechanism of the robot knight possessed accurate joints and tendons, and was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head via a flexible neck while opening and closing an anatomically correct jaw. This armor-clad knight, Sophie had always believed, was the most beautiful object her grandfather had ever built†¦ that was, until she had seen the cryptex in this rosewood box. â€Å"He made me one of these when I was little,† Sophie said. â€Å"But I’ve never seen one so ornate and large.† Langdon’s eyes had never left the box. â€Å"I’ve never heard of a cryptex.† Sophie was not surprised. Most of Leonardo’s unbuilt inventions had never been studied or even named. The term cryptex possibly had been her grandfather’s creation, an apt title for this device that used the science of cryptology to protect information written on the contained scroll or codex. Da Vinci had been a cryptology pioneer, Sophie knew, although he was seldom given credit. Sophie’s university instructors, while presenting computer encryption methods for securing data, praised modern cryptologists like Zimmerman and Schneier but failed to mention that it was Leonardo who had invented one of the first rudimentary forms of public key encryption centuries ago. Sophie’s grandfather, of course, had been the one to tell her all about that. As their armored truck roared down the highway, Sophie explained to Langdon that the cryptex had been Da Vinci’s solution to the dilemma of sending secure messages over long distances. In an era without telephones or e-mail, anyone wanting to convey private information to someone far away had no option but to write it down and then trust a messenger to carry the letter. Unfortunately, if a messenger suspected the letter might contain valuable information, he could make far more money selling the information to adversaries than he could delivering the letter properly. Many great minds in history had invented cryptologic solutions to the challenge of data protection: Julius Caesar devised a code-writing scheme called the Caesar Box; Mary, Queen of Scots created a transposition cipher and sent secret communiques from prison; and the brilliant Arab scientist Abu Yusuf Ismail al-Kindi protected his secrets with an ingeniously conceived polyalphabetic substitution cipher. Da Vinci, however, eschewed mathematics and cryptology for a mechanical solution. The cryptex. A portable container that could safeguard letters, maps, diagrams, anything at all. Once information was sealed inside the cryptex, only the individual with the proper password could access it. â€Å"We require a password,† Sophie said, pointing out the lettered dials. â€Å"A cryptex works much like a bicycle’s combination lock. If you align the dials in the proper position, the lock slides open. This cryptex has five lettered dials. When you rotate them to their proper sequence, the tumblers inside align, and the entire cylinder slides apart.† â€Å"And inside?† â€Å"Once the cylinder slides apart, you have access to a hollow central compartment, which can hold a scroll of paper on which is the information you want to keep private.† Langdon looked incredulous. â€Å"And you say your grandfather built these for you when you were younger?† â€Å"Some smaller ones, yes. A couple times for my birthday, he gave me a cryptex and told me a riddle. The answer to the riddle was the password to the cryptex, and once I figured it out, I could open it up and find my birthday card.† â€Å"A lot of work for a card.† â€Å"No, the cards always contained another riddle or clue. My grandfather loved creating elaborate treasure hunts around our house, a string of clues that eventually led to my real gift. Each treasure hunt was a test of character and merit, to ensure I earned my rewards. And the tests were never simple.† Langdon eyed the device again, still looking skeptical. â€Å"But why not just pry it apart? Or smash it? The metal looks delicate, and marble is a soft rock.† Sophie smiled. â€Å"Because Da Vinci is too smart for that. He designed the cryptex so that if you try to force it open in any way, the information self-destructs. Watch.† Sophie reached into the box and carefully lifted out the cylinder. â€Å"Any information to be inserted is first written on a papyrus scroll.† â€Å"Not vellum?† Sophie shook her head. â€Å"Papyrus. I know sheep’s vellum was more durable and more common in those days, but it had to be papyrus. The thinner the better.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Before the papyrus was inserted into the cryptex’s compartment, it was rolled around a delicate glass vial.† She tipped the cryptex, and the liquid inside gurgled. â€Å"A vial of liquid.† â€Å"Liquid what?† Sophie smiled. â€Å"Vinegar.† Langdon hesitated a moment and then began nodding. â€Å"Brilliant.† Vinegar and papyrus, Sophie thought. If someone attempted to force open the cryptex, the glass vial would break, and the vinegar would quickly dissolve the papyrus. By the time anyone extracted the secret message, it would be a glob of meaningless pulp. â€Å"As you can see,† Sophie told him,† the only way to access the information inside is to know the proper five-letter password. And with five dials, each with twenty-six letters, that’s twenty-six to the fifth power.† She quickly estimated the permutations. â€Å"Approximately twelve million possibilities.† â€Å"If you say so,† Langdon said, looking like he had approximately twelve million questions running through his head. â€Å"What information do you think is inside?† â€Å"Whatever it is, my grandfather obviously wanted very badly to keep it secret.† She paused, closing the box lid and eyeing the five-petal Rose inlaid on it. Something was bothering her. â€Å"Did you say earlier that the Rose is a symbol for the Grail?† â€Å"Exactly. In Priory symbolism, the Rose and the Grail are synonymous.† Sophie furrowed her brow. â€Å"That’s strange, because my grandfather always told me the Rose meant secrecy.He used to hang a rose on his office door at home when he was having a confidential phone call and didn’t want me to disturb him. He encouraged me to do the same.† Sweetie, her grandfather said, rather than lock each other out, we can each hang a rose – la fleur des secrets – on our door when we need privacy.This way we learn to respect and trust each other.Hanging a rose is an ancient Roman custom. â€Å"Sub rosa,†Langdon said. â€Å"The Romans hung a rose over meetings to indicate the meeting was confidential. Attendees understood that whatever was said under the rose – or sub rosa – had to remain a secret.† Langdon quickly explained that the Rose’s overtone of secrecy was not the only reason the Priory used it as a symbol for the Grail. Rosa rugosa, one of the oldest species of rose, had five petals and pentagonal symmetry, just like the guiding star of Venus, giving the Rose strong iconographic ties to womanhood.In addition, the Rose had close ties to the concept of† true direction† and navigating one’s way. The Compass Rose helped travelers navigate, as did Rose Lines, the longitudinal lines on maps. For this reason, the Rose was a symbol that spoke of the Grail on many levels – secrecy, womanhood, and guidance – the feminine chalice and guiding star that led to secret truth. As Langdon finished his explanation, his expression seemed to tighten suddenly. â€Å"Robert? Are you okay?† His eyes were riveted to the rosewood box. â€Å"Sub†¦rosa,†he choked, a fearful bewilderment sweeping across his face. â€Å"It can’t be.† â€Å"What?† Langdon slowly raised his eyes. â€Å"Under the sign of the Rose,† he whispered. â€Å"This cryptex†¦ I think I know what it is.† How to cite The Da Vinci Code Chapter 44-47, Essay examples

No Longer at Ease free essay sample

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia No Longer at Ease is a 1960 novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It is the story of an Igbo (also spelled Ibo) man, Obi Okonkwo, who leaves his village for a British education and a Job in the Nigerian colonial civil service, but who struggles to adapt to a Western lifestyle and ends up taking a bribe. The novel is the sequel to Achebes Things Fall Apart, which concerned the struggle of Obi Okonkwos grandfather Okonkwo against the changes brought by the English. Novels title The books title comes from the closing lines of T. S. Eliots poem, The Journey of the Magi: We returned to our places, these Kingdoms, But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation, With an alien people clutching their gods. I should be glad of another death. Plot summary The novel opens with the trial of Obi Okonkwo on a charge of accepting a bribe. We will write a custom essay sample on No Longer at Ease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It then Jumps back in time to a point before his departure for England and works its way forward to describe how Obi ended up on trial. The members of the Umuofia Progressive Union (UPIJ), a group of Ibo men who have left their villages to live in ajor Nigerian cities, have taken up a collection to send Obi to England to study law, in the hope that he will return to help his people navigate British colonial society. But once there, Obi switches his major to English and meets Clara Okeke for the first time during a dance. Obi returns to Nigeria after four years of studies and lives in Lagos with his friend Joseph. He takes a Job with the Scholarship Board and is almost immediately offered a bribe by a man who is trying to obtain a scholarship for his little sister. When Obi indignantly rejects the offer, he is visited by the girl herself ho implies that she will bribe him with sexual favors for the scholarship, another offer Obi rejects. At the same time, Obi is developing a romantic relationship with Clara Okeke, a Nigerian woman who eventually reveals that she is an osu, an outcast by her descendants, meaning that Obi can not marry her under the traditional ways of the Igbo people of Nigeria. While he remains intent on marrying Clara, even his Christian father opposes it, although reluctantly due to his desire to progress and eschew the heathen customs of pre-colonial Nigeria. His mother begs him on her eathbed not to marry Clara until after her death, threatening to kill herself if Obi disobeys. When Obi informs Clara of these events, Clara breaks the engagement and intimates that she is pregnant. Obi arranges an abortion, which Clara reluctantly undergoes, but she suffers complications and refuses to see Obi afterwards. All the while, Obi sinks deeper into financial trouble, in part due to poor planning on his end, in part due to the need to repay his loan to the I-JPLJ and to pay for his siblings educations, and in part due to the cost of the illegal abortion. After hearing of his mothers death, Obi sinks into a deep depression, and refuses to go home for the funeral. When he recovers, he begins to accept bribes in a reluctant acknowledgement that it is the way of his world. The novel closes as Obi takes a bribe and tells himselt that it is the last one ne will take, only to discover that the bribe was part of a sting operation. He is arrested, bringing us up to the events that opened the story. Themes Though set several decades after Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease continues any of the themes from Achebes first novel. Here, the clash between European culture and traditional culture has become entrenched during the long period of colonial rule. Obi struggles to balance the demands of his family and village for monetary support while simultaneously keeping up with the materialism of Western culture. Furthermore, Achebe depicts a family continuity between Ogbuefi Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart and his grandson Obi Okonkwo in No Longer at Ease. Both men are confrontational, speak their minds, and have some self-destructive endencies. However, this aggressive streak manifests itself in different ways.